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electrical_engineering_and_electronics_1:block24 [2025/12/13 16:17] – angelegt mexleadminelectrical_engineering_and_electronics_1:block24 [2026/01/10 10:09] (aktuell) – mexleadmin
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 ====== Block 24 — Wrap-up and Applications ====== ====== Block 24 — Wrap-up and Applications ======
  
-===== Learning objectives =====+===== 24.0 Intro ===== 
 +==== 24.0.1 Learning objectives ====
 <callout> <callout>
 After this 90-minute block, you can After this 90-minute block, you can
-  * ...+  * connect the different negative-feedback op-amp circuits (Blocks 21–23) into a coherent system view. 
 +  * explain how negative feedback determines gain, impedance, and linearity in practical op-amp circuits. 
 +  * select an appropriate op-amp circuit (buffer, amplifier, summing, differential, transimpedance, transconductance) for a given application. 
 +  * analyze complete signal chains consisting of several op-amp stages. 
 +  * recognize practical limitations of real op-amp circuits (supply rails, saturation, loading, offsets). 
 +  * interpret op-amp circuits as signal converters (voltage–voltage, current–voltage, voltage–current).
 </callout> </callout>
  
-===== Preparation at Home ===== 
  
-Well, again  +==== 24.0.2 Conceptual overview ==== 
-  * read through the present chapter and write down anything you did not understand. +<callout icon="fa fa-lightbulb-o" color="blue"> 
-  * Also here, there are some clips for more clarification under 'Embedded resources' (check the text above/below, sometimes only part of the clip is interesting). +  * All op-amp circuits in Blocks 21–23 are variations of one single idea: \\ 
 +    a high-gain amplifier whose output is fed back in a controlled way. 
 +  * Negative feedback forces the differential input voltage $U_{\rm D}$ to become very small, which makes the circuit behavior depend almost entirely on external components, not on the op-amp itself. 
 +  * Resistors do not merely “limit current” here — they define signal relationships (ratios, sums, differences). 
 +  * Many circuits that look different (buffer, amplifier, converter) are mathematically and conceptually closely related. 
 +  * Thinking in terms of signal flow and conversion is the key step from circuit theory to real engineering applications. 
 +</callout>
  
-For checking your understanding please do the following exercises: +===== 24.1 Core content =====
-  * ...+
  
-===== 90-minute plan ===== +==== 24.1.1 From individual circuits to a system ====
-  - Warm-up (x min):  +
-    - ....  +
-  - Core concepts & derivations (x min): +
-    - ... +
-  - Practice (x min): ... +
-  - Wrap-up (x min): Summary box; common pitfalls checklist.+
  
-===== Conceptual overview ===== +In [[Block21]], [[Block22]] and [[Block23]], several op-amp circuits were introduced one by one. 
-<callout icon="fa fa-lightbulb-o" color="blue"> +At first glance, these circuits may appear unrelated. \\ However, they can all be understood as special cases of the same feedback principle. 
-  - ... + 
-</callout>+A practical electronic system rarely uses just one op-amp stage. Instead, several stages are cascaded, each fulfilling a specific role: 
 + 
 +  * Input stage: impedance matching (voltage follower). 
 +  * Scaling stage: amplification or attenuation (inverting / non-inverting). 
 +  * Combination stage: summing or subtraction (summing / differential amplifier). 
 +  * Interface stage: signal conversion (current–voltage or voltage–current). 
 + 
 +Understanding why each stage is used is more important than memorizing formulas. 
 + 
 +==== 24.1.2 Negative feedback as an engineering tool ==== 
 + 
 +Negative feedback provides three essential properties simultaneously:
  
-===== Core content =====+  * **Defined gain** \\ The closed-loop gain depends on resistor ratios, not on $A_{\rm D}$. \\ \\ 
 +  * **Stability and linearity** \\ Small nonlinearities inside the op-amp are strongly suppressed. \\ \\ 
 +  * **Impedance shaping** \\ High input resistance and low output resistance can be achieved at the system level.
  
-...+These properties explain why op-amps are ubiquitous in analog electronics.
  
-===== Common pitfalls ===== +==== 24.2.3 Typical application patterns ====
-  * ...+
  
-===== Exercises ===== +Some recurring patterns appear across many applications:
-==== Worked examples ====+
  
-...+  * **Sensor readout** \\ Sensors often deliver currents or small voltages → transimpedance amplifier → voltage amplifier. \\ \\ 
 +  * **Signal conditioning** \\ Offset removal and scaling → differential amplifier + non-inverting amplifier. \\ \\ 
 +  * **Summation and mixing** \\ Multiple signals combined with weighting → summing amplifier. \\ \\ 
 +  * **Actuator drive** \\ Voltage command converted into controlled current → voltage-to-current converter.
  
-===== Embedded resources ===== +Recognizing these patterns allows fast interpretation of unfamiliar circuits.
-<WRAP column half> +
-Explanation (video): ... +
-</WRAP>+
  
-~~PAGEBREAK~~ ~~CLEARFIX~~